MBR vs. GPT

If you want to integrate a new hard drive into an existing system, or reinstall your operating system, the first step is to format the hard drive. This allows the storage medium to acquire, store and process data as required – among other things thanks to compatible file systems such as NTFS or FAT. A basic part of the formatting process is partitioning, i.e. dividing the available memory into several independent areas – the partitions (or “drives”).

To split up a disk into multiple partitions, you have to use a special table known as a partition table. Choosing a suitable table basically comes down to one question: MBR or GPT? It doesn’t matter whether you’re using Linux, Windows or Mac. For all operating systems, these two tables are the only two solutions for partitioning. But what’s the difference between them? And which one is best – MBR or GPT?

Splitting up hard drive space on well-known operating systems like Windows is something of a tradition, but it is not actually necessary. Any storage medium can be used without dividing up the memory, providing that it has been formatted with a file system that is supported by the operating system in question. So why is partitioning so popular when it comes to hard drive management? The answer lies primarily in its advantages, which can be summarized as follows:

• The operating system and system-related services such as a boot loader can be stored in the fastest part of a hard drive (usually the outside of the disk), in order to ensure maximum read and write speeds.
• Data that is not modified very often can be put in a separate partition as an easy way of excluding it from regular defragmentation.
• In general, system and application programs can be easily separated using partitions, which makes it much easier to do system backups or individual data backups.

Along with the IBM Personal Computer XT and PC DOS 2.0, 1983 saw the introduction of the Master Boot Record (MBR). Since then, the system component has been used on the one hand as a boot manager to boot (and install) BIOS-based computer systems, and on the other hand as a partition table to efficiently split up the available memory. This second function is what helped MBR quickly become the standard for all kinds of storage devices, for example hard drives, USB sticks and memory cards. More recent systems now increasingly use MBR’s official successor, the GUID Partition Table (GPT). This new partition table standard is a component of the UEFI specification which was introduced in 2000 and has steadily been gaining popularity as an alternative to BIOS.

The MBR partition style shaped computer technology for many years, but it nonetheless has some significant limitations which meant it was only a matter of time before a successor came along.

For example, right from the beginning, one of the key weaknesses of the Master Boot Record was that the technology only supports four primary partitions. Anyone wanting to set up more than four areas has to use “extended partitions”, and although these can be split up into as many “logical partitions” as desired, the resulting memory structure is complex, and hardware faults can quickly lead to data loss.

Another even more obvious problem with the traditional partitioning concept is that MBR partitions can only be used on hard drives or storage devices up to 2 terabytes (2,000 gigabytes). It’s true that for many decades that was more than enough, but nowadays it is too small even for standard drives used by private users. Alongside the increased security, the greater storage capacity has also been a key factor in the development of GPT as a successor for MBR.

When developing the GUID partition table, one of the aims was to address the abovementioned weaknesses of the Master Boot Record. The result was a partition standard that has clear advantages in terms of security and performance. The following table summarizes the key differences between MBR and GPT:

If you want to set up partitions on a storage device, both MBR and GPT will usually still be offered as options. However, in principle GUID partition tables have become the standard solution for modern hardware because they support an unlimited number of partitions and have no restrictions as regards the size of the storage device or the partitions (or at least none that will become relevant in the near future). Moreover, for disks with more than 2 terabytes of memory, GPT is the only solution. The use of the old MBR partition style is therefore now only recommended for older hardware and older versions of Windows and other older (or newer) 32-bit operating systems.

Users of Linux operating systems such as Ubuntu can convert partitions via the terminal, using the gdisk program.